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A descriptive and quantitative approach regarding erosion and development of landforms on abandoned mine tailings: New insights and environmental implications from SE Spain

机译：关于废弃矿山尾矿地貌侵蚀和发展的描述性和定量方法：西班牙东南部的新见解和环境影响

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The San Cristóbal–Perules mining site in Mazarrón in southeast Spain was subjected to about a hundred years of intense mining activity for lead, silver, and zinc. Metallurgical operations (smelting, calcination, gravity concentration) carried out during the late nineteenth century–early twentieth century induced significant land transformation, and the most conspicuous wastes of this period consist of a chaotic piling of ‘old’ tailing deposits. Later on, during the mid-twentieth century, ‘modern’ tailings resulting from froth flotation were accumulated filling small valleys; these latter valley-fill tailings rose sequentially according to the upstream construction method, progressively raising the level of the dam during the process. Once abandoned, both types of tailing deposits underwent severe erosion, resulting in a mosaic of erosional and sedimentary landforms developed upon (e.g., gully formation) and within them (e.g., piping). We made an inventory and classification of these landforms. Our study shows the geomorphic work to reestablish a new steady state between the tailings deposits and the local erosive conditions. This scenario implies several hazards related to the extremely high heavy metal contents of these tailings and the geomorphic instability of the deposits. We also quantified the tailings tonnage and erosion that occurred at one of the tailings dams (El Roble). As shown by an oblique aerial photograph taken in 1968, this dam had a terraced topography, whereas in 2013 this morphology had evolved into a badland-type relief with deep parallel gullies. By recognizing and surveying specific, remnant points along the benches and outslopes of the older terraced topography, we were able to build up a first digital elevation model (DEM1) reflecting the initial topography. A second DEM, this time showing the present topography, allowed quantification of erosion via Material Loss = DEM1 − DEM2. This yields an erosion rate (1968–2009) of 151.8 Mg (MT) ha− 1 y− 1, which matches well typical values for erosion of mined areas, commonly above 100 Mg (MT) ha− 1 y− 1. Abandoned mine tailing deposits are extremely common in the semiarid scenarios of the SW USA, Australia, Chile, and Peru. Given the similarities of these scenarios with SE Spain, the example from Mazarrón may provide useful new insights regarding the erosion and geomorphic evolution of such tailing deposits. These matters should be addressed in key environmental actions such as mine closure plans and land reclamation projects. A solution may come via restoration of these deposits through landform design involving the building up of stable mature landscapes, which in turn can withstand erosion much more easily.
机译：西班牙东南部Mazarrón的SanCristóbal-Perules矿山经历了大约一百年的铅，银和锌密集开采活动。在19世纪末至20世纪初，进行的冶金操作（冶炼，煅烧，重力集中）引起了土地的显着转变，这一时期最明显的废物包括“老”尾矿堆积成堆。后来，在20世纪中叶，泡沫浮选产生的“现代”尾矿堆积在小山谷中。这些后面的填谷尾矿根据上游施工方法依次上升，在此过程中逐渐提高了坝的高度。一旦废弃，两种尾矿沉积物都受到严重侵蚀，导致在其上（例如，沟渠形成）及其内部（例如，管道）形成的侵蚀性和沉积性地貌的马赛克。我们对这些地形进行了清点和分类。我们的研究表明，在尾矿矿床和当地侵蚀条件之间重新建立新的稳态的地貌工作。这种情况暗示了与这些尾矿中极高的重金属含量以及矿床的地貌不稳定有关的几种危害。我们还量化了其中一个尾矿坝（El Roble）发生的尾矿吨位和侵蚀。如1968年拍摄的倾斜航拍照片所示，该大坝具有梯田形地形，而在2013年，这种形态已演变为具有深平行沟壑的荒地型起伏。通过识别和调查沿旧梯田地形的台阶和坡度的特定残留点，我们能够建立一个反映初始地形的第一个数字高程模型（DEM1）。第二个DEM，这次显示当前的地形，允许通过“材料损失= DEM1-DEM2”来量化腐蚀。这样得出的侵蚀速率（1968-2009年）为151.8 Mg（MT）ha-1 y-1，与典型的100 Mg（MT）ha-1 y-1以上的矿区侵蚀的典型值非常吻合。在美国西南部，澳大利亚，智利和秘鲁的半干旱地区，尾矿堆积极为普遍。鉴于这些情景与西班牙东南部的相似之处，来自马扎龙的例子可能会提供有关此类尾矿沉积物的侵蚀和地貌演化的有用的新见解。这些问题应在关键的环境行动中解决，例如矿山关闭计划和土地开垦项目。解决方案可能是通过地形设计恢复这些沉积物，其中包括建立稳定的成熟景观，从而可以更轻松地抵抗侵蚀。

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